• Users Online: 1141
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2013  |  Volume : 1  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 26-31

Survey of natural disasters preparedness in public and private hospitals of Islamic republic of Iran (case study of shiraz, 2011)


1 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Research Center for Health Services Management, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3 Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
4 Pharmacist, Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
5 Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Date of Web Publication30-Nov-2013

Correspondence Address:
Atefeh Esfandiari
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
Iran
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: The present project was financially supported by the Health Policy Research Center (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2347-9019.122441

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Background: Natural disasters are extreme geographical fragmentations with a high severity which can have catastrophic economic, social, and environmental impacts. Damage to the infrastructure can severely impede economic activity. Iran is a country which is highly susceptible to natural disasters and because of the unpredictable nature of the disasters, it is essential to be prepared for them. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the status of disaster preparedness in the hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in nine government and six private hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. The study data were collected using a self-administered checklist through observation and interview. The checklist included 220 yes/no questions in 10 domains of emergency (30 questions), admission (24 questions), evacuation and transfer (30 questions), traffic (15 questions), communication (16 questions), security (17 questions), education (17 questions), support (28 questions), human workforce (21 questions), and leadership and management (22 items). Scores 0 and 1 were given to "No" and "Yes" choices, respectively. The validity and reliability of the checklist was confirmed in this study. Then, the data were analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 16). Results: Overall, the relative mean of disaster preparedness in the study hospitals was 62.3%. The highest and the lowest scores of the disaster preparedness were related to emergency and evacuation and transfer domains, respectively. Conclusion: Although the disaster preparedness in the study hospitals was good, they were not well prepared in some domains, such as evacuation and transfer, traffic, communication, and security; therefore, plans are needed to be developed in these regards.

Keywords: Crisis, disaster, hospitals, Iran, preparedness


How to cite this article:
Salari H, Esfandiari A, Heidari A, Julaee H, Rahimi SH. Survey of natural disasters preparedness in public and private hospitals of Islamic republic of Iran (case study of shiraz, 2011). Int J Health Syst Disaster Manage 2013;1:26-31

How to cite this URL:
Salari H, Esfandiari A, Heidari A, Julaee H, Rahimi SH. Survey of natural disasters preparedness in public and private hospitals of Islamic republic of Iran (case study of shiraz, 2011). Int J Health Syst Disaster Manage [serial online] 2013 [cited 2024 Mar 28];1:26-31. Available from: https://www.ijhsdm.org/text.asp?2013/1/1/26/122441


  Introduction Top


Natural disasters are extreme geographical fragmentations with a high severity [1] which can have catastrophic economic, social, and environmental impacts. Damage to the infrastructure can severely impede economic activity. Moreover, social impacts include loss of life, injury, poor health, homelessness, and disruption of communities [2] which cannot be effectively controlled by the available methods and resources. [1]

Iran is one of the countries assumed to be more susceptible to disasters among other countries in the world. Approximately, 31 out of the 40 types of natural disasters occur in Iran. [1]

The data available on the number of natural disasters show that more than 12,800 people around the world die because of natural disasters. [1]

In Asia, Iran has the fourth rank in the number of individuals damaged by natural disasters after India, China, and Bangladesh. [3]

According to the International Red Cross, an average of 428 cases of natural disasters per year occurred in the world from 1994 to 1998, while this measure reached 707 cases per year from 1999 to 2003. [4]

The number of deaths gives an idea of the severity of the disasters and can be taken as an indication of the overall impact of a disaster. [2] Over the past 20 years, more than 3 million people have died and 800 million people have been injured due to the disasters in the world. [5]

Social and economic costs of natural disasters are much greater than they appear. An important part of the gross domestic products (GDP) of the countries, particularly in developing countries, is spent on the compensation for damages caused by natural disasters. [6]

In disasters, all economic, political, and cultural infrastructures are threatened; therefore, in order to respond to this problem, all the existing facilities and equipments in the community must be used and deal with it in the form of a crisis management plan according to the responsibilities and limitations and attempt to reduce the crisis. [4]

In spite of the advances in science and technology, man is not able to predict the disasters accurately; thus, these events may occur at any time, any place, and with any intensity. [5]

Because of some factors, including the extent of the disaster, the large population which is affected, and limitations in the response capacity of the responsible agencies, these crises create a high volume of aid and healthcare demands in a short period of time. Disaster management requires proper coordination of all human, material, local, and international resources. [7]

Preparedness is one of the important stages of the disaster cycle. This stage which is considered before the events includes all actions, programs, activities, and procedures which enable the organizations to provide quick and effective responses to the crisis. [8]
"Hospital preparedness" is a multidimensional word which encompasses the medical restrictions and other related issues. Healthcare managers must be familiar with the disaster risks and attempt to enhance the capacity and standards in order to reduce such risks. [9]

Disaster preparedness plans and completing them have important impacts on reducing the number of deaths and injuries. Considering the performance of the hospitals and the role they play as the first place for admission of the disaster victims, they are required to have a program in order to cope with the disasters. [8]

In this regard, a short, flexible, and operational plan must be organized. [10]

In disasters, the working conditions completely change in the hospitals. At this time, the entire healthcare system should be assessed whether it is able to admit or treat the patients who have been injured. The intended changes include all the activities and conformity of the hospitals to the disasters should be based on the predetermined plans. [5]

Although the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) has provided specific standards for preparation of the hospitals, unfortunately, many hospitals do not obey these standards .[8]

Overall, large scale losses caused by natural disasters around the world has led to performance of extensive applied research in the field of immunization optimization, increasing the innovation in designing, and finding the best policies as well as the most cost-effective methods and technologies. The experts believe that because of the lack of coordination and the necessary protocols in nongovernmental aid organizations related to disasters in Iran, management decisions and planning are carried out without using the information of this field. [11]

The present study aims to determine the natural disaster preparedness of governmental and private hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran in order to assess the hospitals' status, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and provide the authorities with the necessary information for planning for disaster management.


  Materials and Methods Top


The present descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in nine government hospitals; that is, Ghotbeddin, Shahid Faghihi, Hafez, Dastgheib, Ali-e-Asghar, Shahid Chamran, Namazi, Al-Zahara, and Shahid Rajai hospitals; and six private hospitals of Shiraz; that is, Dena, Shafa, Farahmandfar, Markazi, Kowsar, and Ordibehesht hospitals. The study data were collected using a self-administered observation checklist which was obtained from Hojat et al. [4] The reliability of the checklist was determined using kappa test (kappa = 0.8). Besides, its face and content validity was approved by the available experts and authorities. The checklist included 220 yes/no questions in 10 domains of emergency (30 questions), admission (24 questions), evacuation and transfer (30 questions), traffic (15 questions), communication (16 questions), security (17 questions), education (17 questions), support (28 questions), human workforce (21 questions), and leadership and management (22 items). Scores 0 and 1 were given to "No" and "Yes" choices, respectively.

According to the checklist and the scores, the hospitals' disaster preparedness in each domain and in general was divided into five categories, including 0-20 (very poor), 20.1-40 (mild), 40.1-60 (moderate), 60.1-80 (good), and 80.1-100 (very good). The data were collected through observation and interviews and the checklists were fulfilled after obtaining the necessary permissions from the hospital managers and administrators. Finally, the data were entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 16) and analyzed using descriptive statistics.


  Results Top


Among the 15 study hospitals, the disaster preparedness status was weak in three, average in four, good in six, and very good in two hospitals. Hospital no. 15 and hospital no. 13 had respectively the highest and the lowest level of disaster preparedness [Table 1]. Overall, the relative mean of disaster preparedness in the study hospitals was 62.3% and considering the criteria, these hospitals were at the good level. Regarding the disaster domains surveyed in the hospitals, evacuation and transfer, traffic, communication, and security domains were at the medium level; while emergency, admission, training, support, human workforce, and leadership and management domains were at the good level. No domain was at the very good level. Moreover, the highest and the lowest rates of disaster preparedness were related to emergency and evacuation and transfer domains, respectively [Table 2].
Table 1: Disaster preparedness of Shiraz hospitals according to the type of the hospitals, 2011

Click here to view
Table 2: Frequency of disaster preparedness of Shiraz hospitals according to the survey domains, 2011

Click here to view



  Discussion and Conclusion Top


In developed countries, most hospitals must have a program for disaster preparedness and improve their ability to confront the disaster. [4] Considering the high vulnerability of our country to disasters and crisis, by acquiring information from the present status of the hospitals, vulnerability of the hospitals can be determined for future planning. In this study, preparedness in the emergency domain was 77.6% and at the good level. In Daneshmandi et al.'s, research [11] also, the preparedness in this domain was 64.4% and at a good level. Similar results were obtained by Vahedparast's research [12] which was done in Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, as well. However, the study findings were in contrast to those of the research by Hojat et al., [4] which showed 48.2% preparedness in this domain.

Hospital preparedness in the domain of admission was 64.1% and at the good level, which is contradictory to the results of the studies by Daneshmandi et al., [11] and Hojat et al., [4] reporting the preparedness rate in this domain as 20.8 and 38.3%, respectively.

In order to improve patient admission in disasters, the space of admission ward need to be organized according to the nature of the disaster and the number of the victims who seek treatment is also needed to be estimated. In the admission ward, after triage, the patients must be transferred to other wards according to their need for treatment, hospitalization, discharge, and referral. All the personnel in the admission ward as well as those employed in the key sectors must use uniforms or the same signs for organization and maintaining security.

The hospitals' preparedness in transferring and evacuation domain was 48.1% and at the moderate level, which is in line with the research by Daneshmandi et al., [11] in which the preparedness rate in this domain was reported as 48%. The research by Schultz et al., showed that among the eight hospitals which did hospital evacuation in Los Angeles from 1995 to 1996, six hospitals immediately performed evacuation within 24 h. [13] In the study by Hojat et al., the rate of hospital preparedness in transfer and evacuation was 39% and at the weak level. In Mohabati's study, 33% of the hospitals had plans for evacuation and the results were not compatible with those of the present study. The problems observed in the majority of the hospitals in the transfer and evacuation domain were because of not having designed schedules for movement and transfer, existence of no specific instructions on methods of transferring and evacuating the patients and corpses, and not having periodical practices for emergency evacuation.

To prepare for disaster evacuation and transfer, each hospital must provide a complete list of the number of ambulances and other vehicles, trolleys, and wheelchairs. Prioritization of the use of these vehicles, fuel allocation, and the responsible personnel should be identified, as well.

Disaster preparedness of most hospitals in traffic domain was 48.9% and at the moderate level. In line with this study, the preparedness rate of this domain was reported as 53, 48.9, and 52.3% in the studies by Mossadegh Rad, [14] Daneshmandi et al., [11] , and Hojat et al., [4] respectively. The problems of most hospitals in this domain include the lack of clear guidelines for making use of the parking space in times of crisis, lack of a clear organizational structure for traffic controlling team, lack of a responsible person for controlling the traffic in and out of the hospital, and lack of the necessary equipment for traffic control. Thus, regarding the importance of traffic control in times of crisis and in order to prevent the problems of transporting the injured, providing instructions for using the parking at the time of crisis, traffic control equipments out of the hospital, and communication equipments of the traffic control staff seems necessary. [11]

The preparedness of the study hospitals in communication domain was 65.2% and at the moderate level, which is consistent with the studies by Daneshmandi et al., [11] and Hojat et al., [4] reporting the preparedness rate as 54.2 and 52.1%, respectively. However, in contrast to the current study, the preparedness rate of information and communication systems in Zaboli et al.'s, study was weak. The problems of most hospitals in this domain include the lack of alternative systems of telecommunications in disasters, lack of an alternative location for the telecommunication units during the crisis, and lack of organizational structure for communication units during the crisis. To improve communication in hospitals, an internal communication system must be established between different parts of the hospital. Speakers and internal phone lines (dual radio wireless) are other alternative means of communication. The means of communication for calling the on call personnel should be considered, as well.

The hospital preparedness in the security domain was 53.7% and at the moderate level. This is consistent with the research by Daneshmandi et al., [11] reporting 45% preparedness rate. In the study by Hojat et al., also, this rate was reported as 52.1%. [4] The problems of most hospitals in this domain include the lack of clear guidelines for patient safety, lack of equipments and personnel during the crisis, not having developed processes for dealing with the irresponsible individuals in the hospital, and lack of the necessary facilities for controlling and maintaining the safety of the hospital.

The hospitals' preparedness rate in education domain was 61.5% and at the good level. In the same line, this rate was reported as 68 and 66% in the studies by Daneshmandi et al., [11] and Hojat et al., [4] respectively. In Ameriun's study, this rate was 83%. [15] In addition, it was reported as 50% by Nasiripour et al., [5] and 55% by Mahboobi. [16] However, Zaboli et al., evaluated this domain as moderate. [9] Furthermore, Gomez et al., showed that among the 29 centers in Canada, 43% of the trauma centers had no maneuvering for disasters during the past 2 years. [17] These findings are not in agreement with those of the present study. In general, training courses must include the personnel's educational needs, such as triage, how to confront various disaster, mental support during the crises, and infection control in disasters. By holding orientation workshops, the duties of each unit's personnel will be specifically explained. Then, with limited operational maneuvers, the rate of the individuals' and units' understanding of the operational preparedness for performing the assigned tasks is measured and the problems are eliminated. In nationwide operational maneuver which is held at least two times a year, the deficiencies in coordinate processes between different departments is identified.

The hospitals' preparedness in the support domain was 63.7% and at the good level, which is consistent with the preparedness rate reported by Hojat et al., (68%) [4] and Hosseini Shokouh et al., (61%). [8] However, this finding was in contrast to that of Mesdagh-Rad's research reporting this measure as 54%. [18]

Hospital preparedness in human workforce domain was 71.1% and at the good level, which is in agreement with the study by Nasiripour et al., reporting this rate as 61%. This rate was revealed as 43 and 44.3% in the studies by Hojat et al., [4] and Daneshmandi et al., [11] respectively. Nevertheless, on the contrary to the present study, it was found undesirable in Zaboli's study. Since the human resources play an important role in managing the hospital services in every situation, including disasters, and also because resources wasting due to transportation of unorganized workforce is one of the organizations' difficulties during the crises, trained and skillful workforce should be considered as a main component in each sector of the hospitals. [15] In times of crisis, two-thirds of the employees are concerned about their own and their close relatives' health. Thus, for mental and spiritual preparedness of the employees, their worries and controlling their stress should be taken into account. In this regard, appropriate standards are necessary to be developed by the Ministry of Health and other responsible organizations. [9]

The preparedness of the hospitals in management domain was 67% and at the good level, which is quite consistent with the results of the research by Danehsmandi et al., reporting the rate as 80%. [11] However, this rate was reported as 48% in the study by Hojjat et al., [4] and undesirable in the one by Zaboli et al., which were not in agreement with the current study. Planning for crisis confrontation, including designing a plan to cope with the crisis, cooperation, and support in planning, supervising, and participating in planning for the events; identifying the budgets; and organizing the staff's working time to attempt for preparedness, is the responsibility of the hospital managers. [19] In this regard, the manager's duty is developing the crisis team (doctors, nurses, technicians, medical assistant, and support staff), communication with other centers, leadership, and supervision.

Overall, disaster preparedness status of Shiraz educational hospitals was at the good level. This is in line with the studies by Zaboli et al., [9] and Ameriun et al., [15] which both reported the hospital preparedness status to be desirable. In Murphy's study, only 22% of the hospitals were prepared. [20] Also, in a study conducted by Van Remmen in the Netherlands, 74% of the public hospitals were not fully prepared to confront the disasters. [21] Besides, Ojaghi et al., reported the hospital preparedness rate as 23% in their study. [22] Hospitals' preparedness rate in Arak was reported low in Anbari's study. [23] Finally, Hojat et al., [4] and Nasiripour et al., [5] reported moderate hospital preparedness rates. The difference in the preparedness of different domains in the hospitals can be because the differences in research environments, methods of data collection (oral interviews, written questionnaires, or observation), time of data collection, experience and educational level of data collectors, and type of the checklists. Moreover, crisis management centers are in different geographical regions in the northeast, northwest, south, southwest, east, and center of the country and the boards of medical universities in each center are responsible for this issue. The goal of these centers is improving emergency clinical services and crisis management in disaster times. Overall, providing the appropriate services in disasters require supplying the emergency equipments and treatment facilities in the hospitals. Although in the systematic approach to the crisis, there is no consensus that a hospital must take all the necessary actions alone, as part of the health system, it is expected to make coordination with other centers. [24]

Implication for health policy makers

One of the most reliable medical centers management systems in disasters is Hospital Emergency Incident Command System (HEICS). Using this system in the hospitals can improve disaster management by arrangement of the human resources and accurate assignment of management responsibilities. [9] To improve the existing situation, holding educational and safety courses suitable for each job in the hospital are beneficial for the staff to enhance their knowledge and performance in times of crisis.


  Acknowledgement Top


The researchers would like to thank Mr. Mohsen Hojjat for his technical assistance in this study. They are also grateful for Research Improvement Center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Ms. Tahereh Shafaghat for cooperating in data gathering and Ms. A. Keivanshekouh for improving the use of English in the manuscript.

 
  References Top

1.Khankeh HR, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi F, Maddah SB, Ranjbar M, Khodaee MR. Health management in disasters. Rehabil 2006;7:49-55.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.Crowards T. Comparative vulnerability to natural disasters in the caribbean, research economist social and economic research, unit economics and programming department, paper presented at the OAS/USDE-NOAA/CSC Workshop on Vulnerability Assessment Techniques Charleston, South Carolina, March 20-22, 2000, May, 2000.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.Faraj Zadeh Saray H, Partovi PA, Masouri N, Safdari R. Comparative study of natural disaster health information system in U.S.A, Japan and Iran. HAYAT 2007;12:67-77.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.Hojat M, Sirati Monir M, Khaghanizadeh M, Karimi Zarchi M. A survey of hospital disaster management in medical science universities. Daneshvar Med 2008;15:1-10.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.NasiripouR AA, Raeisi P, Mahboubi M. Border hospital readiness in handling border related crises in Kermanshah province, Iran, 2007. J Health Adm 2007;10:41-8.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.Mohebbifar R, Tabibi SJ. Criticism on structure of disaster management: Research in health systems. J Faculty Med Shaheed Beheshti Univ Med Sci 2007;31:195.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.Araghizadeh H, Saghafinia M, Entezari V. Analyzing medical management in disasters: A review of the barn earthquake experiences. J Mil Med 2003;4:259-68.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.Hosseini Shokouh SM, Arab M, Rahimi A, Rashidian A, Sadr M. Preparedness of the Iran University of Medical Sciences hospitals against earthquak. J School Public Health Institute Public Health Res 2009;6:61-77.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.Zaboli R, Toufighi S, Amerioun A, Moghadasi H. Survey of Tehran city hospitals preparedness for disaster. J Mil Med 2006;8:103-11.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.Yasin MA, Malik SA, Nasreen G, Safdar CA. Experience with mass casualties in a subcontinent earthquake. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2009;15:487-92.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.Daneshmandi M, Amiri H, Vahedi M, Farshi M, Saghafi A, Zigheymat F. Assessing the level of preparedness for confronting crisis such as flood, earthquake, fire and storm in some selected hospitals of Iran. Iran J Mil Med 2010;12:167-71.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.Vahedparast H. Readiness assessment function hospitals medical university in unexpected disasters. Tehran; Third Congress of Health and Crisis Management; 2006.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.Schultz CH, Koenig KL, Lewis RJ. Implications of hospital evacuation after the Northridge, California, earthquake. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1349-55.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.Sarvari J, Manavi S. Comparison of readiness selected hospitals in Tehran from the viewpoint of crisis in the second semester 2004 and provide the appropriate model [dissertation]. Tehran: Baghiyatallah University; 2004.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.Ameriun A, Delavari A, Teymourzadeh E. Rate of preparedness in confronting crisis in three selected border hospitals. Iran J Mil Med 2010;12:19-22.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.Mahboobi M. Reading of content of border hospitals' readiness in Kermanshah State for confronting with board's crisis, [dissertation] Tehran, Research And Science Faculty, Azad University; 2008.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.Gomez D, Haas B, Ahmed N, Tien H, Nathens A. Disaster preparedness of Canadian trauma centers: The perspective of medical directors of trauma. Can J Surg 2011;54:9-16.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.Mosadegh-Rad AM. Evaluation of preparedness in Isfahan university hospitals in order to respond to disaster victims and injured in accidents caused by unexpected year 2004. Tehran; Proceedings of the Second National Congress on Health and Crisis Management in the Event of Unexpected; 2005.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.Arab M, Zeraati H, Akbari F, Ravangard R. A study on the executive managers' knowledge and performance, and their hospitals preparedness against earthquake events and their relationships at public hospitals (affiliated by Tehran university of medical sciences (TUMS); 2005-2006). J Health Adm 2009;11:4-17.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.Murphy KG. Priority focuses area for bioterrorism preparedness in hospitals. J Health Care Manage 2004;4:227-35.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.Van Remmen J. The status of the hospital disaster plan in the Netherlands. Int J Disaster Manage 2005;3:28-31.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.Ojaghi S, Nourizadeh S, Mahboubi M, Khazaei MR, Najafi GH. Disaster crisis handling preparedness level of hospitals in Kermanshah. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci (BEHBOOD) 2009;13:267-74.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.Anbari Z. Management of Crisis in Hospital, First General Congress of Sanitation and Treatment and Management of Crisis in foreseen Events, Society of Medical Basij 2003;400.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.Mohabati F. The study of Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals managers' knowledge, attitude and practice about earthquake risk in 2003: Hospital earthquake plan guideline [M.Sc. Thesis]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Researches; 2005.  Back to cited text no. 24
    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2]


This article has been cited by
1 IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE SISTEMA DE COMANDO DE INCIDENTES PARA ENFRENTAR PANDEMIA SARS-COV-2 EN CLÍNICA LAS CONDES, CHILE
Pablo Arellano,Pablo Hasbún,M. Idalia Sepúlveda,Andrés Ferre,Antonia Léniz,Diego Domínguez,Osvaldo Llanos,Nicolette Van Sint Jan,Leonardo Soto,Ximena Miranda,Nicolás Montecinos,Sergio Betancourt,Andrea Peña,Bárbara de la Cortina,Natalia Seguel,Inés Barbagelata,Tomas Regueira
Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2021; 32(1): 36
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Identifying the Challenges of Prehospital and Hospital Emergency Services During the Management of Alcohol Poisoning Disaster in the City of Rafsanjan
Seyed Mohsen Mortazavi,Mahmoud Nekoei-Moghadam,Mohammadreza Amiresmaili,Hamid Jafari,Hosein Bardsiri,Mohammad Heidari
Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2019; 18(3): 149
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Effect of education using the virtual social network on the knowledge and attitude of emergency nurses of disaster preparedness: A quasi-experiment study
Tahereh Najafi Ghezeljeh,Jaleh Mohammad Aliha,Hamid Haghani,Naser Javadi
Nurse Education Today. 2019; 73: 88
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Effects of Comprehensive Risk Management Program on the Preparedness of Rofeide Rehabilitation Hospital in Disasters and Incidents
Samira Rajabi,Hamid Reza Khankeh,Vahid Delshad,Mehdi Rahgozar,Narges Arsalani,Farahnaz Mohammadi
Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly. 2017; 2(4): 179
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Challenges of Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) from Experts’ Perspectives: A Qualitative Research
Shirin Abbasi,Shahin Shooshtari,Shahram Tofighi
Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2017; 10(28): 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Preparedness of Iranian Hospitals Against Disasters
Saeed Asefzadeh,Roya Rajaee,Fatemeh Ghamari,Rohollah Kalhor,Soheyla Gholami
Biotechnology and Health Sciences. 2016; Inpress(Inpress)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion and C...
Acknowledgement
References
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed6529    
    Printed356    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded646    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 6    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]