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 Table of Contents  
NARRATIVE REVIEW
Year : 2014  |  Volume : 2  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 241-245

The absence of positive psychology in disasters


1 Health Management of Disaster, Research Institute of Shakhespajouh, Isfahan, Iran
2 Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Isfahan, Isfaha, Iran
3 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Date of Web Publication11-Nov-2014

Correspondence Address:
Masoud Ferdosi
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
Iran
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Source of Support: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2347-9019.144413

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  Abstract 

Introduction: Positive psychology is among the important topics in health psychology and can be used to effectively improve the people's behaviors and practices when faced with a crisis or difficult situation. This study aims investigate the place of positive psychology in studies related to accidents and disasters and its role in proper dealing with these situations. Materials and Methods: This study is a narrative review carried out by searching for related articles on credible scientific websites, scientific books, research articles, research projects and dissertations. Information on databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct between years 1979 and 2014 was reviewed for related information. In total 70 English articles and 17 Farsi articles were found using the aforementioned methods. The information gathered from these articles were categorized and investigated. Results: Summarizing the information on the role of positive psychology in disasters showed that little attention was paid to the roles of positive psychology, especially among Farsi article, and that most studies concentrated on the psychological disorders present after the disaster. Furthermore, most of the articles about positive psychology were reviews with weak methodology and limited scopes. However, their results showed that people with positive thinking have several different characteristics that help them deal with difficult situations and disasters easier than other people. Conclusion: Despite the importance and role of positive psychology on different aspects of our daily lives, the effect of this topic during disasters and crisis has been neglected. People with positive thinking have several characteristics that make it easier for them to deal with difficult and disastrous situation compared to other people that should be considered when dealing with disasters.

Keywords: Accidents, crisis, disasters, positive psychology, positive thinking


How to cite this article:
Samouei R, Abedi MR, Ferdosi M. The absence of positive psychology in disasters. Int J Health Syst Disaster Manage 2014;2:241-5

How to cite this URL:
Samouei R, Abedi MR, Ferdosi M. The absence of positive psychology in disasters. Int J Health Syst Disaster Manage [serial online] 2014 [cited 2024 Mar 28];2:241-5. Available from: https://www.ijhsdm.org/text.asp?2014/2/4/241/144413


  Introduction Top


In disaster-prone countries, the aftermaths of disasters and crisis' are among the important factors impending development and lead to complications such as death and injury, property damages and effects on the way of life and psychological aspects of the society. [1] These disasters and crisis' have different sc92opes and intensities, but all of them lead to disruptive and sometimes irreversible results. [2]

However another viewpoint says that although disasters damage the resources and impend financial and social activities, they also provide opportunities for development especially when it comes to rebuilding activates, which in turn increases the society's resistance for future disasters. [3] Therefore, the Chinese symbol for disaster means growth and change and mastering disastrous situations.

This kind of attitude toward disasters is the same as the attitude of positive psychology toward human and human lives. Positive psychology is the scientific study of things that improve human lives, in other words, positive psychology uses positive aspects and experiences to improve the quality of our lives. The goal in positive psychology is to look at the positive side of human existence and lives. However, one must remember that being positive doesn't mean being without problems, it also doesn't mean being healthy or prosperous; it's an act of moving toward health and prosperity. The role of positive thinking is that by thinking positively, a wider range of solutions appear before our eyes, giving people with positive mindsets more chances at being healthy and better abilities in dealing with problems of their lives. These people have are more likely to try new treatments for their diseases, establish a wider range of relations, have useful and suitable emotional responses and are more fixable, happier and more independent. [4] Therefore in different situations, even when dealing with difficult ones, they are capable of concentrating on good sides and assets and are more likely to seek help compared to people with negative thinking who have negative emotions and are always ready for negative events to occur.

This study aims to investigate the place of positive psychology in investigation of disasters, accidents and crisis' which can have an important role in dealing with these disasters.


  Materials and Methods Top


This study is a narrative review conducted by searching for related articles in credible scientific websites, scientific books, research articles, research projects and dissertations. Information on databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct between years 1979 and 2014 was also reviewed for related information. The reason behind selecting this period was that the topic of positive psychology appeared in scientific articles after year 1979.

In total 70 English and 17 Farsi articles were investigated. After reading the full text of each article, the relevant and necessary information were extracted and summarized in the next part.


  Results Top


The results of Iranian studies about psychology in disasters, the following results, were obtained from the investigated articles:

Taghizadeh et al. in their study investigated the effective role of novel technologies in providing psychological, social and supportive aids during rehabilitation from disasters. [5] Jahangiri and Sadeghi investigated the vulnerability of women during disasters and provided solutions for reducing this vulnerability. [6] Eftekhari et al. and Jahangiri et al. investigated the necessity of community-based and cooperative management during natural disasters. [7],[8],[9] Khankeh et al. in two separate studies investigated the need for readiness for dealing with disasters and management attributes and health care services during natural disasters. [10],[11] They also investigated the obstacles in providing services during disasters. [12] AghaBakhshi reported that social resources are what get damaged most during natural disasters. [13] Mirabzadeh et al. and Nikaein et al. in two separate studies stressed the necessity of cooperation between different specialized groups such as psychologists, consultants and social workers during natural disasters. [14],[15]

Investigating the 70 English articles and searching for relevant information showed that most studies concentrated on stress disorder, anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders after disasters. [16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36] However, other studies considered the necessity of disaster victims with socio-psychological services. [37],[38],[39],[40],[41] Other studies investigated the health and psychological needs of people during disasters. [42],[43],[44] Also, a few studies concentrated on the perception and preparedness of the populace about the dangers of natural disasters. [45],[46],[47],[48],[49],[50] Two studies investigated the role of social and sociological resources in accidents and disasters. [51],[52] Another two studies investigated the effect of smart technology on the mental health after disasters. [53],[54] Color psychology, environmental and architecture psychology were also investigated in a few studies. [55],[56],[57] Also, a single study dealt with behavioral models of people during evacuations due to a disaster. [58]

Summarizing the previous studies shows that none of the Iranian articles specifically investigated the role of positive psychology in accidents and disasters. Also, the majority of foreign studies were about psychological problems and disorders. These studies about psychology of accidents and disasters mostly investigated different disorders, their spread, and the results of these disorders and the effects of different treatments from pathological and clinical points of view. It's evident that the prevention measures were rarely investigated, and the main focus was on dealing with the aftermath of a disaster.

Among the studies that investigated psychological aspects of disasters, most investigated the psychological and social aspects of the disasters together and in general instead of using specialized psychology. Of course, there were studies that investigated the psychology of disasters and accidents, but such studies were few and far between.

However investigation of sources related to positive psychology shows that people with positive thinking are better equipped in dealing with difficult situations and disasters compared to other people and one needs to consider the following fact when dealing with disastrous situations:

  • One of the most important differences is the fact that people with positive thinking are flexible in several ways such as cognitive flexibility (they make sure that their thinking is constructive and positive), emotional flexibility (they make sure to have a constructive way of dealing with their emotions) and behavioral flexibility (they make sure that their actions is as effective as possible) [4]
  • It seems that people with a positive way of thinking are mindful which means that they live in the moment and now, without any judgment or prejudice. When these people think about the past or make plans for the future, they do so now and for a moment. This means that they are aware of things that are happening. Illogical thinking is against the recommended style of positive thinking. Among the different types of illogical thinking are the "rule of all or nothing" which leads people to the extremist mindset of thinking that things are either perfect or disastrous and seeing the world as black and white and "exaggerated thoughts" which leads people to think that failing in successfully carrying on their plans will lead to disaster and irreparable results
  • Positive thinking advocates optimism. Optimism is the act of concentrating on positive events and assuming a higher possibility for these positive events. [4] People with positive thinking are more likely to forgive others and themselves. One should remember that forgiveness isn't the same as forgetfulness but instead leads to calmness and managing anger and vindictive thoughts that can lead to a great deal of stress. During hard and difficult times, the feeling of guilt, revenge and being unforgiving are among the most important causes of stress and pressure on the victims
  • One must accept this fact that stress, accidents and disasters are a part of life. One must remember that he can be scared or angry, but he should not neglect to take care of himself. A person with this kind of mindset easily accepts aid and endeavors to take care of his needs. Many of victims in disasters refuse aid which can be due to several reasons such as seeing themselves as unworthy, attempting to punish themselves and others, misplaced sense of guilt or many other reasons
  • Positive people look for ways to be happy and are more likely to show their gratitude for even small matters. Usually when these people face with a disaster, they don't try to stay in the state of mourning and don't feel guilty without reason
  • People with a positive way of thinking have higher humanitarian, psychological and social resources and always look for ways to increase these resources. Therefore, people with positive thinking can take control of their lives.



  Discussion and Conclusion Top


This study aimed to investigate the place of positive psychology in accidents and disasters. Based on the reported results, it seems that despite the important role of positive psychology on human lives, its effects on disasters have been neglected.

Since disasters change the normal flow of people's lives and a great deal of effort is needed in order to control the situation and restore things to the way they once were, even in the presence of support and aid from others, the role of personal abilities and resources is of outmost importance in a disaster. These resources are something that people always have with them and can be used everywhere. Positive thinking is among these personal resources, which are obtainable using education, learning and practice.

The positive part of all this is that the solutions of positive thinking are teachable and people can reach any desired level of proficiency because today's psychology looks to make people self-reliance and awaken their abilities even when they themselves are not aware of their abilities. However what the results of the current study showed that most studies focus on the effect of accidents and disasters on the peoples' psychology and investigated the personal and social difficulties, disorders and maladjustment created as a direct result of disasters. Simply investigating the effects of the disasters isn't enough, and generally prevention should have priority over cure and rehabilitation in any situation.

By improving positive thinking abilities, people become equipped in dealing with needs, necessities and pressures from their environment. [58] People with courage, independence, self-control and stress management and problem solving skills can manage their emotions and the emotions of others in a suitable way and can make useful decisions in any given situation. [59] Therefore in the face of problems and disasters people can look to the positive aspects of these situations in order to maintain their positive outlook. [58]

In the end, this study offers the following suggestions for peoples and groups that deal with disasters:

  • It is necessary that disaster managers, aid providers, rescuers and victims undergo learning to develop their positive thinking abilities in different groups and in different levels of disaster and use positive thinking techniques to master and adept the situation and show the necessary flexibility in order to help return the society to the situation before the disaster occurred. This is what disaster managers, policy makers and social leaders should endeavor to accomplish
  • Council Organization of Psychology should take over the responsibility of developing teaching materials, methods and training programs for educating people in positive psychology abilities and makes sure that the psychological intervention follows precise and scientific methods.


 
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